Although increasing numbers of childhood mental health problems are being attributed to genetic defects,[50] reactive attachment disorder is by definition based on a problematic history of care and social relationships. Abuse can occur alongside the required factors, but on its own does not explain attachment disorder.[51] It has been suggested that types of temperament, or constitutional response to the environment, may make some individuals susceptible to the stress of unpredictable or hostile relationships with caregivers in the early years.[52] In the absence of available and responsive caregivers it appears that some children are particularly vulnerable to developing attachment disorders.[53]
There is as yet no explanation for why similar abnormal parenting may produce the two distinct forms of the disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. The issue of temperament and its influence on the development of attachment disorders has yet to be resolved. RAD has never been reported in the absence of serious environmental adversity yet outcomes for children raised in the same environment vary widely.[54]
In discussing the neurobiological basis for attachment and trauma symptoms in a seven-year twin study, it has been suggested that the roots of various forms of psychopathology, including RAD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can be found in disturbances in affect regulation. The subsequent development of higher-order self-regulation is jeopardized and the formation of internal models is affected. Consequently the "templates" in the mind that drive organized behavior in relationships may be impacted. The potential for “re-regulation” (modulation of emotional responses to within the normal range) in the presence of “corrective” experiences (normative caregiving) seems possible. Like many other papers in this poorly-researched area many new avenues of enquiry are raised.[55]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage-reduction
(Redirected from Rage-reduction)
Attachment therapy is the most commonly used term for a controversial category of alternative child mental health interventions intended to treat attachment disorders. The term generally includes accompanying parenting techniques. Attachment therapy is a treatment used primarily with fostered or adopted children who have behavioral difficulties, including disobedience and lack of gratitude or affection for their caregivers. The children's problems are ascribed to an inability to attach to their new parents because of suppressed rage due to past maltreatment and abandonment.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_parenting#Eight_principles_of_attachment_parenting
Attachment parenting, a phrase coined by pediatrician William Sears,[1] is a parenting philosophy based on the principles of the attachment theory in developmental psychology. According to attachment theory, a strong emotional bond with parents during childhood, also known as a secure attachment, is a precursor of secure, empathic relationships in adulthood. Failure to form this early childhood parental bond will ostensibly give rise to reactive attachment disorder, the symptoms of which are defined differently by Attachment Parenting International[2] and the DSM-IV definition.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament#Artistic_temperament
Artistic temperament
Those who are highly artistic sometimes show dramatic swings in emotion. While not solely possessed by artists, it is highly prevalent among artists of all media, including painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, etc. This behavior is often characterized by being highly passionate about subjects of importance to the possessor of this behavior, extremely dedicated to certain goals, often hyper-aware of the presence of others, and at other times seemingly oblivious to the presence of others. It is also accompanied by the full range of all the emotions, often elevated to extremes. There is a theory[citation needed] that this due to the high instance of bipolar disorder in the artistic community, however this is a subject of debate. In addition, there is controversy as to the artistic temperament being so prevalent due to prototypical behaviors being elicited in response to what is perceived to be a part of an artistic identity or culture ...
Modern psychology deals only with the inner world, that is, the world of consciousness and its conditions. The nature of the mind and its relations to the organism are questions that belong to philosophy or metaphysics. As a consequence, also, modern psychology fails to distinguish between the spiritual faculties of the soul, i.e. those which the soul exercises itself without the intrinsic co-operation of the organism, and the faculties of the compositum, i.e. the soul and organism united in one complete principle of action, or of one special animated organ.
Standing apart from Materialistic and trend-driven notions, Faculty Psychology posits human behavior being related to the mental or spiritual faculties: Reason, Will, the moral sense, gumption, love, and, imagination and creativity.
Studies show only as much as 75% of human behavior is caused by stimulus-response mechanisms. The other 25% (or more) can be thought of as coming from the "ghost in the machine," the spirit or soul. Creativity, then, can be seen as an expression of the soul and individual motivation.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament#Rudolf_Steiner_and_the_four_temperaments
[edit] Rudolf Steiner and the four temperaments
- See also: Four humours
In his lectures on education, Rudolf Steiner brought a new approach to the four classical temperaments: melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine and choleric. He emphasized their importance in elementary education, as this is a time when the child is strongly affected by his or her nature in this respect. A person's temperament may change, especially in the pre-puberty years, and in any case diminishes in importance as the personality becomes more developed after puberty.
In any case, the temperament is not exclusive; most people combine aspects of all of them. One or two may dominate, however, or be prominent by their absence. In addition, for each temperament Steiner pointed out that there are less and more mature forms: the sullen, self-absorbed melancholic can mature to the sympathetic helper and/or the deep thinker. A person may transform his or her own temperament, as well, either by becoming more mature in what is naturally given or by metamorphosing into a different temperament.
[edit] See also
- Four Temperaments
- Five Temperaments
- MBTI
- Socionics#Temperaments - a rather different usage of the term
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