http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A0geu.OoAkRJkw0BpAZXNyoA?p=martial+art+definition&y=Search&fr=yfp-t-802&ei=UTF-8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts
Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for combat. While they may be studied for various reasons, martial arts share a single objective: to defeat one or more people physically and to defend oneself or others from physical threat. In addition, some martial arts are linked to spiritual or religious beliefs/philosophies such as Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism or Shinto while others have their own spiritual or non-spiritual code of honour. Many arts are also practised competitively most commonly as combat sports, but may also be in the form of dance.
The word 'martial' derives from the name of Mars, the Roman god of war. The term 'martial arts' literally means arts of war. This term comes from 15th century Europeans who were referring to their own fighting arts that are today known as historical European martial arts. A practitioner of martial arts is referred to as a martial artist.
In popular culture, the term "Martial Arts" often specifically refers to the combat systems that originated in Asian cultures, especially East Asian martial arts. However, the term actually refers to any sort of codified combat systems, regardless of origin. Europe is home to many extensive systems of martial arts, both living traditions (e.g. Jogo do Pau and other stick and sword fencing and Savate, a French kicking style developed by sailors and street fighters) and older systems collectively referred to as historical European martial arts that existed until modern times and are now being reconstructed by several organizations. In the Americas, Native Americans have a tradition of open-handed martial arts, which includes wrestling, and Hawaiians have historically practiced arts featuring small and large joint manipulation. A mix of origins occur in the athletic movements of Capoeira, a practice that was created in Brazil by slaves and was based on skills brought with them from Africa.
While each style has unique facets that make it different from other martial arts, a common characteristic is the systemization of fighting techniques. Methods of training vary and may include sparring or forms (kata), which are sets or routines of techniques that are performed alone, or sometimes with a partner, and which are especially common in the Asian and Asian-derived martial arts.[1]
...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen
http://www.answers.com/topic/martial-art
sâmbătă, 13 decembrie 2008
cod arte martiale
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:C%C4%83utare?search=codul+familiei
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_Perioadei_Kamakura
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai
...
Normele cunoscute sub denumirea de codul „războinicului” (Bushido), nu întotdeauna respectat, exaltau ideea de onoare, de respect faţă de cuvântul dat, de sacrificiu pentru suzeran şi de dispreţ faţă de moarte. Esenţa codului războinicilor rămânea simtul datoriei. Codul onoarei şi al devotamentului absolut pentru seniorul lor sau pentru împărat îi situeaza pe samurai în relaţie cu cavalerii europeni din evul mediu, dar cu deosebirea că din codul samurailor lipsea idealul religios.
...
Un samurai din secolul al XVII-lea pe nume Miyamoto Musashi spunea că jurământul samuraiului înseamnă devotament până la moarte. Codul războinicului impunea onoare, respect faţă de cuvântul dat, spirit de sacrificiu şi dispreţ total faţă de moarte.
...
Adeseori, în caz de înfrângere, în urma luptelor, aveau loc chiar sinucideri colective, şefii de clan obligând la acest act disperat sute de războinici.
Esenţial de reţinut este că niciodată moartea nu i-a îngrozit pe japonezi. Moartea însemna o firească şi binefăcătoare reintegrare în natură a defunctului, care devenea spirit, urmând să-i protejeze pe cei vii, dacă aceştia continuau să-l venereze.
În secolul al XIX-lea, un număr apreciabil de samurai sărăciţi îşi refac situaţia economică devenind comercianţi la Nagasaki, Osaka şi Edo. Unii dintre aceştia îşi ridicaseră gradul de pregătire intelectuală, afirmându-se în domeniul literaturii şi artelor.
Odată cu instaurarea Erei Meiji din 1868, rolul samuraiului medieval va primi alte valenţe, lucru firesc într-o societate care intra în Epoca modernă.
...
Categorii: Articole de curăţat din martie 2007 Samurai Japonia Istoria Japoniei Termeni japonezi
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,776942,00.html
Fall of the House of Mitsui
Monday, Jul. 29, 1946
Old Sokubei Mitsui had a head as round, as bald and as bright as a full moon. "With remarkable moral fortitude," says a chronicle, "he decided to abandon all rank and class and enter a commercial career.'' Sokubei put it more bluntly. "The Mitsuis," he said, "must get money." Some time before 1650 he put away his two samurai swords and—like many a British aristocrat of the same period—became a brewer. Soon Mitsui sake was selling fast throughout Yedo's thirsty red-light district.
The second Mitsui enterprise was a pawnshop. Later, a money-changing office grew into the great banking system which financed and controlled the Mitsui merchandising, manufacturing and shipping empire. In 1937 the private wealth of the eleven Mitsui family heads was estimated at 1,635,000,000 yen ($450 million).
They were not only the richest but also the most enlightened (that is, the least thug-like) of the zaibatsu. They lived quietly though sumptuously, and it was easier for a newsman to see the Prime Minister than one of them.
Yet their eyes never shifted from the main chance. Long before U.S. merchants went in for advertising stunts, Mitsui stores gave away paper umbrellas bearing the three-barred family crest and news of bargains. Their Tokyo store had a fuddy-duddy spaciousness, a time-ignoring air and an aura of genteel prosperity not unlike John Wanamaker's in Philadelphia.
When Commodore Perry, with his men at battle stations, "opened" the ports of Japan, the Mitsui sent out staff artists to make minutely detailed sketches of the Perry ships. These sketches helped the family build modern ships of their own. It was the first sign of the Jap flair for imitation which later gave the Occident so much trouble.
In World War II the Mitsuis lost most of their shipping and much of their physical manufacturing plant. They could recoup that—but they could not recoup Allied victory. First, they dissolved their holding company. But that was only a superficial shedding. The real core of Mitsui power and solidarity was the family constitution; each male Mitsui, on coming of age, swore sacred Shinto oaths to uphold the Mitsui constitution and further the family interest.
Last week the Mitsuis voluntarily dissolved that core. They abolished the family constitution and started plans for liquidating the family holdings. The plans must have General MacArthur's approval, but it seemed last week that he would approve them if they contained no tricky loopholes.
Many of the top Mitsuis, though not exactly starving, were already jobless. They had returned, full circle, to the aristocratic idleness of the time before old Sokubei, the brewer. The most sadness, however, was expressed by one of the Mitsui "clerks" (actually a top executive), a grey, frail little man named Tatsuo Sumi, who is said to be descended from a 17th Century Mitsui clerk or banto. Tatsuo talked like an aging English butler whose lord & lady had come on evil times. "I have given my life to Mitsui," he said; "there is nothing more to do ... . A glorious history has been wiped out."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui#History
Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who was born a fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka, called Echigoya (越後屋) in today's Mie prefecture. His father originally sold miso, a fermented soybean paste, and ran a pawn shop. Later, the family would open a second shop in Edo (now called Tokyo).
Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Ever since he was very young, he had shown outstanding business talent. But because of that, his jealous brother sent him back to Mie when he was 28 years old. He waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673;[1] a large gofukuya (kimono shop) in Nihonbashi, a district in the heart of Edo. This genesis of Mitsui's business history began in the Enpō era, which was a nengō meaning "Prolonged Wealth".
In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and is now called Mitsukoshi. Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to the customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. At the time, this was an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of the city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice.
At about this time, Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka. Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan. In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to be established in Edo.[2] The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers and mitigated that known risk.
On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) serving as president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid 1980s became part of Sakura Bank, survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation). During the early 20th century, Mitsui was one of the largest zaibatsu, operating in numerous fields.
After the end of the Second World War and the dissolution of the zaibatsu, Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rival Mitsubishi Group and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of the group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank of Japan, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba, Toyota Motors, and Suntory, once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group, and many companies in the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group are now more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. Recently there have been signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into Isetan, a major department store with a close tie to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008.
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_Perioadei_Kamakura
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai
...
Normele cunoscute sub denumirea de codul „războinicului” (Bushido), nu întotdeauna respectat, exaltau ideea de onoare, de respect faţă de cuvântul dat, de sacrificiu pentru suzeran şi de dispreţ faţă de moarte. Esenţa codului războinicilor rămânea simtul datoriei. Codul onoarei şi al devotamentului absolut pentru seniorul lor sau pentru împărat îi situeaza pe samurai în relaţie cu cavalerii europeni din evul mediu, dar cu deosebirea că din codul samurailor lipsea idealul religios.
...
Un samurai din secolul al XVII-lea pe nume Miyamoto Musashi spunea că jurământul samuraiului înseamnă devotament până la moarte. Codul războinicului impunea onoare, respect faţă de cuvântul dat, spirit de sacrificiu şi dispreţ total faţă de moarte.
...
Adeseori, în caz de înfrângere, în urma luptelor, aveau loc chiar sinucideri colective, şefii de clan obligând la acest act disperat sute de războinici.
Esenţial de reţinut este că niciodată moartea nu i-a îngrozit pe japonezi. Moartea însemna o firească şi binefăcătoare reintegrare în natură a defunctului, care devenea spirit, urmând să-i protejeze pe cei vii, dacă aceştia continuau să-l venereze.
În secolul al XIX-lea, un număr apreciabil de samurai sărăciţi îşi refac situaţia economică devenind comercianţi la Nagasaki, Osaka şi Edo. Unii dintre aceştia îşi ridicaseră gradul de pregătire intelectuală, afirmându-se în domeniul literaturii şi artelor.
Odată cu instaurarea Erei Meiji din 1868, rolul samuraiului medieval va primi alte valenţe, lucru firesc într-o societate care intra în Epoca modernă.
...
Categorii: Articole de curăţat din martie 2007 Samurai Japonia Istoria Japoniei Termeni japonezi
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,776942,00.html
Fall of the House of Mitsui
Monday, Jul. 29, 1946
Old Sokubei Mitsui had a head as round, as bald and as bright as a full moon. "With remarkable moral fortitude," says a chronicle, "he decided to abandon all rank and class and enter a commercial career.'' Sokubei put it more bluntly. "The Mitsuis," he said, "must get money." Some time before 1650 he put away his two samurai swords and—like many a British aristocrat of the same period—became a brewer. Soon Mitsui sake was selling fast throughout Yedo's thirsty red-light district.
The second Mitsui enterprise was a pawnshop. Later, a money-changing office grew into the great banking system which financed and controlled the Mitsui merchandising, manufacturing and shipping empire. In 1937 the private wealth of the eleven Mitsui family heads was estimated at 1,635,000,000 yen ($450 million).
They were not only the richest but also the most enlightened (that is, the least thug-like) of the zaibatsu. They lived quietly though sumptuously, and it was easier for a newsman to see the Prime Minister than one of them.
Yet their eyes never shifted from the main chance. Long before U.S. merchants went in for advertising stunts, Mitsui stores gave away paper umbrellas bearing the three-barred family crest and news of bargains. Their Tokyo store had a fuddy-duddy spaciousness, a time-ignoring air and an aura of genteel prosperity not unlike John Wanamaker's in Philadelphia.
When Commodore Perry, with his men at battle stations, "opened" the ports of Japan, the Mitsui sent out staff artists to make minutely detailed sketches of the Perry ships. These sketches helped the family build modern ships of their own. It was the first sign of the Jap flair for imitation which later gave the Occident so much trouble.
In World War II the Mitsuis lost most of their shipping and much of their physical manufacturing plant. They could recoup that—but they could not recoup Allied victory. First, they dissolved their holding company. But that was only a superficial shedding. The real core of Mitsui power and solidarity was the family constitution; each male Mitsui, on coming of age, swore sacred Shinto oaths to uphold the Mitsui constitution and further the family interest.
Last week the Mitsuis voluntarily dissolved that core. They abolished the family constitution and started plans for liquidating the family holdings. The plans must have General MacArthur's approval, but it seemed last week that he would approve them if they contained no tricky loopholes.
Many of the top Mitsuis, though not exactly starving, were already jobless. They had returned, full circle, to the aristocratic idleness of the time before old Sokubei, the brewer. The most sadness, however, was expressed by one of the Mitsui "clerks" (actually a top executive), a grey, frail little man named Tatsuo Sumi, who is said to be descended from a 17th Century Mitsui clerk or banto. Tatsuo talked like an aging English butler whose lord & lady had come on evil times. "I have given my life to Mitsui," he said; "there is nothing more to do ... . A glorious history has been wiped out."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui#History
Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who was born a fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka, called Echigoya (越後屋) in today's Mie prefecture. His father originally sold miso, a fermented soybean paste, and ran a pawn shop. Later, the family would open a second shop in Edo (now called Tokyo).
Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Ever since he was very young, he had shown outstanding business talent. But because of that, his jealous brother sent him back to Mie when he was 28 years old. He waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673;[1] a large gofukuya (kimono shop) in Nihonbashi, a district in the heart of Edo. This genesis of Mitsui's business history began in the Enpō era, which was a nengō meaning "Prolonged Wealth".
In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and is now called Mitsukoshi. Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to the customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. At the time, this was an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of the city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice.
At about this time, Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka. Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan. In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to be established in Edo.[2] The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers and mitigated that known risk.
On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) serving as president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid 1980s became part of Sakura Bank, survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation). During the early 20th century, Mitsui was one of the largest zaibatsu, operating in numerous fields.
After the end of the Second World War and the dissolution of the zaibatsu, Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rival Mitsubishi Group and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of the group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank of Japan, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba, Toyota Motors, and Suntory, once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group, and many companies in the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group are now more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. Recently there have been signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into Isetan, a major department store with a close tie to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008.
recunoasterea diplomelor si calificarilor
http://www.unpir.ro/downloads/lege9.pdf
Lege nr. 200/2004
...
privind recunoasterea diplomelor si calificarilor
profesionale pentru profesiile reglementate din Romania
...
Art. 1. - (1) Prevederile prezentei legi se aplica oricarui cetatean al unui stat membru al Uniunii Europene, denumita in continuare U.E., sau al Spatiului Economic European, denumit in continuare S.E.E., care doreste sa exercite in Romania, in mod independent sau ca salariat, o profesie reglementata de legea romana.
...
SECŢIUNEA a 5-a
Recunoasterea altor calificari
Art. 24. - (1) Dreptul de a accede la o profesie reglementata sau de a o exercita in Romania, pentru care se solicita detinerea unui atestat de competenta, nu poate fi interzis daca:
...
(3) Daca solicitantul nu poseda atestatul de competenta sau calificarile prevazute la alin. (1), se vor aplica dispozitiile legii romane care reglementeaza profesia respectiva.
...
ANEXA Nr. 6
LISTA ciclurilor de formare cu o structura speciala in sensul art. 18 lit. c) din prezenta lege
In Regatul Unit:
Cicluri reglementate care conduc la obtinerea calificarilor acreditate ca "National Vocational Qualifications" (NVQ) sau acreditate in Scotia ca "Scottish Vocational Qualifications", la nivelurile 3 si 4 ale "National Framework of Vocational Qualifications" din Regatul Unit.
Aceste niveluri sunt definite dupa cum urmeaza:
Nivelul 3: aptitudinea de a executa un spectru larg de sarcini variate in diverse situatii, din care cea mai mare parte sunt sarcini complexe si care nu implica rutina. Se cere suficient de multa raspundere si autonomie, iar functiile exercitate la acest nivel presupun adesea supravegherea sau incadrarea altor persoane.
Nivelul 4: aptitudinea de a executa un spectru larg de sarcini complexe, tehnice sau specializate in diverse situatii si care implica un grad important de raspundere personala si autonomie. Functiile exercitate la acest nivel presupun adesea raspunderea pentru munca efectuata de alte persoane si repartizarea resurselor."
...
Lege nr. 200/2004
...
privind recunoasterea diplomelor si calificarilor
profesionale pentru profesiile reglementate din Romania
...
...
SECŢIUNEA a 5-a
Recunoasterea altor calificari
Art. 24. - (1) Dreptul de a accede la o profesie reglementata sau de a o exercita in Romania, pentru care se solicita detinerea unui atestat de competenta, nu poate fi interzis daca:
...
(3) Daca solicitantul nu poseda atestatul de competenta sau calificarile prevazute la alin. (1), se vor aplica dispozitiile legii romane care reglementeaza profesia respectiva.
...
ANEXA Nr. 6
LISTA ciclurilor de formare cu o structura speciala in sensul art. 18 lit. c) din prezenta lege
In Regatul Unit:
Cicluri reglementate care conduc la obtinerea calificarilor acreditate ca "National Vocational Qualifications" (NVQ) sau acreditate in Scotia ca "Scottish Vocational Qualifications", la nivelurile 3 si 4 ale "National Framework of Vocational Qualifications" din Regatul Unit.
Aceste niveluri sunt definite dupa cum urmeaza:
Nivelul 3: aptitudinea de a executa un spectru larg de sarcini variate in diverse situatii, din care cea mai mare parte sunt sarcini complexe si care nu implica rutina. Se cere suficient de multa raspundere si autonomie, iar functiile exercitate la acest nivel presupun adesea supravegherea sau incadrarea altor persoane.
Nivelul 4: aptitudinea de a executa un spectru larg de sarcini complexe, tehnice sau specializate in diverse situatii si care implica un grad important de raspundere personala si autonomie. Functiile exercitate la acest nivel presupun adesea raspunderea pentru munca efectuata de alte persoane si repartizarea resurselor."
...
about career choice
http://www.careerkey.org/asp/your_personality/hollands_theory_of_career_choice.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Codes
http://www.careerkey.org/asp/your_personality/identify_your_skills.asp
http://hotjobs.yahoo.com/career-articles-10_questions_to_set_your_career_vision-527
...
If anything were possible, what would I want to be different in my career?
What type of job would I want?
What would I want to be responsible for?
What type of boss/co-workers/team would I want?
What kind of hours would I want to work?
What type of company would I want work for?
What sort of culture would I want the company to have?
What city would I want to live in?
What salary would I want to earn?
What would I want my approach to stress, my workload, and deadlines to be?
...
http://www.rulesforrenegades.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Codes
http://www.careerkey.org/asp/your_personality/identify_your_skills.asp
http://hotjobs.yahoo.com/career-articles-10_questions_to_set_your_career_vision-527
...
If anything were possible, what would I want to be different in my career?
What type of job would I want?
What would I want to be responsible for?
What type of boss/co-workers/team would I want?
What kind of hours would I want to work?
What type of company would I want work for?
What sort of culture would I want the company to have?
What city would I want to live in?
What salary would I want to earn?
What would I want my approach to stress, my workload, and deadlines to be?
...
http://www.rulesforrenegades.com/
miercuri, 10 decembrie 2008
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