cod arte martiale

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:C%C4%83utare?search=codul+familiei

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_Perioadei_Kamakura

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai
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Normele cunoscute sub denumirea de codul „războinicului” (Bushido), nu întotdeauna respectat, exaltau ideea de onoare, de respect faţă de cuvântul dat, de sacrificiu pentru suzeran şi de dispreţ faţă de moarte. Esenţa codului războinicilor rămânea simtul datoriei. Codul onoarei şi al devotamentului absolut pentru seniorul lor sau pentru împărat îi situeaza pe samurai în relaţie cu cavalerii europeni din evul mediu, dar cu deosebirea că din codul samurailor lipsea idealul religios.
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Un samurai din secolul al XVII-lea pe nume Miyamoto Musashi spunea că jurământul samuraiului înseamnă devotament până la moarte. Codul războinicului impunea onoare, respect faţă de cuvântul dat, spirit de sacrificiu şi dispreţ total faţă de moarte.
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Adeseori, în caz de înfrângere, în urma luptelor, aveau loc chiar sinucideri colective, şefii de clan obligând la acest act disperat sute de războinici.
Esenţial de reţinut este că niciodată moartea nu i-a îngrozit pe japonezi. Moartea însemna o firească şi binefăcătoare reintegrare în natură a defunctului, care devenea spirit, urmând să-i protejeze pe cei vii, dacă aceştia continuau să-l venereze.
În secolul al XIX-lea, un număr apreciabil de samurai sărăciţi îşi refac situaţia economică devenind comercianţi la Nagasaki, Osaka şi Edo. Unii dintre aceştia îşi ridicaseră gradul de pregătire intelectuală, afirmându-se în domeniul literaturii şi artelor.
Odată cu instaurarea Erei Meiji din 1868, rolul samuraiului medieval va primi alte valenţe, lucru firesc într-o societate care intra în Epoca modernă.
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Categorii: Articole de curăţat din martie 2007 Samurai Japonia Istoria Japoniei Termeni japonezi


http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,776942,00.html

Fall of the House of Mitsui
Monday, Jul. 29, 1946

Old Sokubei Mitsui had a head as round, as bald and as bright as a full moon. "With remarkable moral fortitude," says a chronicle, "he decided to abandon all rank and class and enter a commercial career.'' Sokubei put it more bluntly. "The Mitsuis," he said, "must get money." Some time before 1650 he put away his two samurai swords and—like many a British aristocrat of the same period—became a brewer. Soon Mitsui sake was selling fast throughout Yedo's thirsty red-light district.

The second Mitsui enterprise was a pawnshop. Later, a money-changing office grew into the great banking system which financed and controlled the Mitsui merchandising, manufacturing and shipping empire. In 1937 the private wealth of the eleven Mitsui family heads was estimated at 1,635,000,000 yen ($450 million).

They were not only the richest but also the most enlightened (that is, the least thug-like) of the zaibatsu. They lived quietly though sumptuously, and it was easier for a newsman to see the Prime Minister than one of them.

Yet their eyes never shifted from the main chance. Long before U.S. merchants went in for advertising stunts, Mitsui stores gave away paper umbrellas bearing the three-barred family crest and news of bargains. Their Tokyo store had a fuddy-duddy spaciousness, a time-ignoring air and an aura of genteel prosperity not unlike John Wanamaker's in Philadelphia.

When Commodore Perry, with his men at battle stations, "opened" the ports of Japan, the Mitsui sent out staff artists to make minutely detailed sketches of the Perry ships. These sketches helped the family build modern ships of their own. It was the first sign of the Jap flair for imitation which later gave the Occident so much trouble.

In World War II the Mitsuis lost most of their shipping and much of their physical manufacturing plant. They could recoup that—but they could not recoup Allied victory. First, they dissolved their holding company. But that was only a superficial shedding. The real core of Mitsui power and solidarity was the family constitution; each male Mitsui, on coming of age, swore sacred Shinto oaths to uphold the Mitsui constitution and further the family interest.
Last week the Mitsuis voluntarily dissolved that core. They abolished the family constitution and started plans for liquidating the family holdings. The plans must have General MacArthur's approval, but it seemed last week that he would approve them if they contained no tricky loopholes.

Many of the top Mitsuis, though not exactly starving, were already jobless. They had returned, full circle, to the aristocratic idleness of the time before old Sokubei, the brewer. The most sadness, however, was expressed by one of the Mitsui "clerks" (actually a top executive), a grey, frail little man named Tatsuo Sumi, who is said to be descended from a 17th Century Mitsui clerk or banto. Tatsuo talked like an aging English butler whose lord & lady had come on evil times. "I have given my life to Mitsui," he said; "there is nothing more to do ... . A glorious history has been wiped out."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui#History
Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who was born a fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka, called Echigoya (越後屋) in today's Mie prefecture. His father originally sold miso, a fermented soybean paste, and ran a pawn shop. Later, the family would open a second shop in Edo (now called Tokyo).
Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Ever since he was very young, he had shown outstanding business talent. But because of that, his jealous brother sent him back to Mie when he was 28 years old. He waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673;[1] a large gofukuya (kimono shop) in Nihonbashi, a district in the heart of Edo. This genesis of Mitsui's business history began in the Enpō era, which was a nengō meaning "Prolonged Wealth".
In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and is now called Mitsukoshi. Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to the customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. At the time, this was an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of the city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice.
At about this time, Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka. Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan. In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to be established in Edo.[2] The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers and mitigated that known risk.
On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) serving as president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid 1980s became part of Sakura Bank, survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation). During the early 20th century, Mitsui was one of the largest zaibatsu, operating in numerous fields.
After the end of the Second World War and the dissolution of the zaibatsu, Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rival Mitsubishi Group and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of the group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank of Japan, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba, Toyota Motors, and Suntory, once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group, and many companies in the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group are now more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. Recently there have been signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of the Mitsui-Sumitomo Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into Isetan, a major department store with a close tie to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008.